Modern Multidimensional Scaling: Theory and Applications

With 176 Illustrations The four purposes of multidimensional scaling -- 2. Constructing MDS representations -- 3. MDS models and measures of fit -- 4. Three applications of MDS -- 5. MDS and facet theory -- 6. How to obtain proximities -- 7. Matrix algebra for MDS -- 8. A majorization algorithm for solving MDS -- 9. Metric and nonmetric MDS -- 10. Confirmatory MDS -- 11. MDS fit measures, their relations, and some algorithms -- 12. Classical scaling -- 13. Special solutions, degeneracies, and local minima -- 14. Unfolding -- 15. Avoiding trivial solutions in unfolding -- 16. Special unfolding models -- 17. MDS as a psychological model -- 18. Scalar products and Euclidean distances -- 19. Euclidean embeddings -- 20. Procrustes procedures -- 21. Three-way Procrustean models -- 22. Three-way MDS models -- 23. Modeling asymmetric data -- 24. Methods related to MDS -- App. A. Computer programs for MDS