The Pakistan Paradox Instability and Resilience

Introduction
Three Wars, Three Constitutions and Three Coups
Between India and Afghanistan: Caught in a Pincer Movement?
The Pakistani Paradox

Part I: Nationalism Without a Nation-and Even Without a People?
1. The Socio-Ethnic Origins of Indian Muslim Separatism: The Reform Phase (1857-1906)
The Crushing of the 1857 Revolt and Reactions of the Muslim Elite
From the Aligarh Movement to the Muslim League
Muslimhood as a Communal Ideology
2. An Elite in Search of a State-and a Nation (1906-1947)
Muslim Politics beyond the North Indian Elite
Jinnah, the Congress and the Muslim-majority Provinces
Majority Muslims versus Minority Muslims
Jinnah's Strategy
The 1946 Elections: What Turning Point?
3. Islamic State or a Collection of Ethnic Groups? From One Partition to the Next
Jinnah's Nation-State: Between "The Poison Of Provincialism" and the Indian Threat
Stillborn Federalism and the Unresolved Ethno-linguistic Issue
Muhajirs and Punjabis, Founding Fathers of a Unitary and Centralised State
Bengali Separatism: Mujibur Rahman, the Two-Economy Theory and the Centre's Overreaction
4. Five Ethnic Groups for One Nation: Between Support and Alienation
The Pakistanisation of Sindh
The Baloch Self-Determination Movement
The Pashtuns, from Pashtunistan to Pakhtunkwa
Muhajir Militancy-and its Limitations
National Integration through Federalism and Regionalisation of Politics?

Part II: Neither Democracy Nor Autocracy?
5. Impossible Democracy or Impossible Democrats?
An Initial Democratic Design Aborted (1947-1958)
Democratisation, Separatism and Authoritarianism (1969-1977)
Civilians under Influence-and Prone to Lawlessness (1988-1999)
A Democratic "Transition" without Transfer of Power? (2007-2013)
The 2013 Elections: What "New Pakistan"?
The 2014 Crisis: Imran Khan, Qadri, Nawaz Sharif and the Army
6. Variable-Geometry Military Dictatorship
Ayub Khan, an "Enlightened Dictator"?
Zia: A Modern Tyrant
Musharraf, a New Ayub Khan?
7. The Judiciary, the Media and NGOs: In Search of Opposition Forces
The Judges: From Submission to Control?
The Press: A Fifth Estate?
The Opposite of Tocqueville: Democratisation without Civil Society?
The Election Commission-a Work in Progress

Part III: Islam: Territorial Ideology or Political Religion?
8. From Jinnah's Secularism to Zia's Islamisation Policy
What Islam, for What Policy? (1947-1969)
Islamisation and the Politics of Legitimation (1969-1988)
9. Jihadism, Sectarianism and Talibanism: From Military/​Mullah Cooperation to 9/​11
The Rise of Sectarianism or the Invention of a New Enemy Within
From One Jihad to Another: From Afghanistan to Kashmir and Back
The Taliban: the Price of "Friendship"
The 11 September 2001 Attacks: A Watershed Moment
Musharraf and the Islamists: A Selective Break
10. Toward Civil War? The State vs. (some) Islamists and the Islamists vs. the Minorities
The Islamists, a Social and Political Force
The State's Double Game in Pashtun Areas-and the Islamists' Measured Response
The Rise of Extremes
The Army: Accomplice and/​or Out of Its Depth?
Punjab, New Land of Conquest?
Minorities under Attack
Conclusion
One Syndrome, Three Contradictions
The Fourth Dimension: Elites Backed by External Support
After 16 December 2014: What "Post-Peshawar" Pakistan