Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences, Vol. 5: Nanomatirials - Toxicity, Health and Environment Issues

Preface. List of Authors. I Toxicity. 1 Biotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (Amanda M. Fond and Gerald J. Meyer). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Nanoparticles in the Environment 1.3 How Nanoparticles are Introduced into Mammalian Systems. 1.4 Health Threats. 1.5 Nanomaterials and Biotoxicity. 1.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgment. References. 2 Ecotoxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials (Eva Oberdo rster, Patricia McClellan-Green, and Mary Haasch). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Water. 2.3 Air. 2.4 Soils. 2.5 Weathering. 2.6 Biomarkers. 2.7 Conclusions. References. II Health. 3 Possible Health Impact of Nanomaterials (Peter H. M. Hoet, Irene Bru ske-Hohlfeld, and Oleg V. Salata). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Sources of Nanoparticles. 3.3 Epidemiological Evidence. 3.4 Entry Routes into the Human Body. 3.5 What Makes Nanoparticles Dangerous? 3.6 Summary and Discussion. 3.7 What Can be Done? References. 4 Dosimetry, Epidemiology and Toxicology of Nanoparticles (Wolfgang G. Kreyling, Manuela Semmler-Behnke, and Winfried Moller). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Inhaled Nanoparticle Dosimetry. 4.3 Toxicological Plausibility of Health Effects Caused by Nanoparticles. 4.4 Integrated Concept of Risk Assessment of Nanoparticles. References. 5 Impact of Ceramic and Metallic Nano-scaled Particles on Endothelial Cell Functions in Vitro (Kirsten Peters, Ronald E. Unger, Antonietta M. Gatti, Enrico Sabbioni, Andrea Gambarelli, and C. James Kirkpatrick). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Materials and Methods. 5.3 Results. 5.4 Discussion. Acknowledgments. References. 6 Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes and its Implications for Occupational and Environmental Health (Chiu-wing Lam, John T. James, Richard McCluskey, Andrij Holian, and Robert L. Hunter). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanotechnology. 6.3 Manufactured Carbon Nanotubes: Their Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Applications. 6.4 Occurrence of Carbon Nanotubes in the Environment. 6.5 Toxicological Studies and Toxicity of Manufactured CNTs. 6.6 Health Risk Implications. Acknowledgment. References. 7 Toxicity of Nanomaterials - New Carbon Conformations and Metal Oxides (Harald F. Krug, Katrin Kern, Jorg M. Worle-Knirsch, and Silvia Diabate). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Production and Use of New Carbon Modifications and Metal Oxides. 7.3 Risk Characterization - A Conclusion. References. III Environment. 8 Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation (Glen E. Fryxell and Shas V. Mattigod). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Nanoparticle-based Remediation Materials. 8.3 Hybrid Nanostructured Remediation Materials. 8.4 Conclusions. References. 9 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment (Peter Majewski). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Iron Nanoparticles. 9.3 Inorganic Photocatalysts. 9.4 Functionalized Self-assembled Monolayers. 9.5 Other Materials. 9.6 Magnetic Iron Exchange Resin (MIEX). References. 10 Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Removal of Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals in Water (Heather M. Coleman). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Background to Oestrogens in the Environment. 10.3 Nanoparticles for Water Treatment Applications. 10.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of 17b-Oestradiol in Water over an Immobilized TiO2 Catalyst. 10.5 Rapid Loss of Oestrogenicity of Natural and Synthetic Oestrogens in Water by Photocatalysis and UVA Photolysis Monitored using a Yeast Screen Bioassay. 10.6 Photocatalytic Degradation of 17b-Oestradiol, Oestriol and 17a-Ethynyloestradiol in a Quartz Coil Reactor Monitored using Fluorescence Spectroscopy. 10.7 Comparison of Photocatalysis with UVA and UVC Radiation for the Degradation of Natural and Synthetic Oestrogens in Water. 10.8 Overall Conclusions and Identification of Research Needs. References. 11 Nanosensors for Environmental Applications (Wan Y. Shih and Wei-Heng Shih). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Theory of PECS. 11.3 Examples of Detections. 11.4 Piezoelectric Cantilever Miniaturization. 11.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgment. References. 12 Toxicology of Nanoparticles in Environmental Air Pollution (Ken Donaldson, Nicholas Mills, David E. Newby, William MacNee, and Vicki Stone). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 History of Air Pollution. 12.3 Introduction to Air Pollution Particles. 12.4 Adverse Effects of PM in Epidemiological Studies. 12.5 Nanoparticles are an Important Component of PM. 12.6 Role of Nanoparticles in Mediating the Adverse Pulmonary Effects of PM. 12.7 Effects of Nanoparticles on the Cardiovascular System. 12.8 Inflammation, Atherosclerosis and Plaque Rupture. 12.9 Nanoparticle Translocation and Direct Vascular Effects. 12.10 Endothelial Dysfunction and Endogenous Fibrinolysis. 12.11 Coagulation and Thrombosis. 12.12 Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction. 12.13 Effects of Nanoparticles on the Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract. 12.14 Effects of NP on the Nervous System. 12.15 Summary. References. Index.