Thermal and Flow Measurements

Introduction Thermal and Flow Measurements Some Examples of Thermal and Flow Measurements Characteristics of Measurement Systems Time Response of Measurement Systems Time-Series Analysis and Signal Processing Error Estimates and Uncertainty Analysis Error Estimates Using Gaussian Distribution Data Regression Uncertainty Analysis Dimensional Analysis and Similitude Basic Science and Engineering in Thermal and Flow Measurements Basic Measurements of Pressure, Temperature, and Flow Rates Pressure Measurements Manometers Pressure Transducers Based on Elastic Strain Piezoelectric Transducers Some Implementation Issues Temperature Sensors Temperature Measurements Based on Thermal Expansion of Materials Thermocouples Resistance-Based Temperature Sensors Pyrometer Measurements of Temperature Strain Gauges Flow Rate Measurements Obstruction Flowmeters Rotameters Turbine Flowmeters Thermal Mass Flowmeters Flow Velocity Measurements Using Pitot and Static Pressure Probes Flow Visualization and Image Analysis Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines Direct Photography Using Flow Tracers Surface Imaging Using Thermochromatic Liquid Crystals and Pressure-Sensitive Coatings Shadowgraph and Schlieren Imaging Interferometry Laser Tomographic Imaging Image Processing and Analysis Image Acquisition Basic Image Operations Image Enhancements Edge Detection Flow Velocity Measurements Laser Doppler Velocimetry The Operating Principle Operational Setup Particle Seeding Hot Wire Anemometry Operating Principle Operational Considerations Particle Image Velocimetry Particle Image Density Stereoscopic PIV for Three-Component Velocity Measurements Other Image-Based Methods Optical Diagnostics for Measurements of Species Concentrations and Temperature Rayleigh Scattering Rayleigh Scattering Theory Applications of Rayleigh Scattering Mie Scattering Applications and Assessments Raman Scattering Molecular Energy and Spectroscopy Laser-Induced Fluorescence Thermometry Based on LIF Vibrational and Rotational Spectroscopy Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Particle Sizing and Two-Phase Flow Measurements Parameters to Characterize Groups of Particles Light Scattering and Extinction Measurements of Particle Size Laser-induced Incandescence Measurements of Particle Volume Fraction and Size Laser Diffraction Phase Doppler Analysis Particle Mass Flux Measurements Fiberoptic Correlation Method Acoustic Measurements Capacitance Probes Isokinetic Sampling Gas Sampling Measurements Sampling Probes Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) Analyzers Measurements of Nitric Oxides Hydrocarbon Analysis Measurements of Sulfur Oxides Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy Scaled Measurements MEMS Devices Micro fabrication Methods Microfluidic Sensors and Devices Pressure and Temperature Sensors Bio- and Chemical Sensors Nanotechnology Sensors Microscopic Imaging Techniques LIDARS Appendix - A: Electronic Devices. Operational Amplifiers Inverting Amplifier No inverting Amplifier Current-to-Voltage Converter Differential Amplifier Trigger Electronics Frequency Filters Filter Basics Active Filters Appendix - B: Optics Optical Instruments Diffraction Diffraction Grating Interference Appendix - C: Electromagnetics and Electromagnetic Radiation Maxwell's Equations Electromagnetic Wave Equation Radiative Transfer Equation Blackbody Radiation Appendix - D: Quantum Mechanics and Atomic/Molecular Structure Vibrational and Rotational Energy of Simple Molecules Energy Transitions and Spectroscopy References Index