Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology

CONTENTS Editors-in-Chief Associate Editors Preface Contributors SECTION I: GENERAL TOPICS History of Virology: Bacteriophages H-W Ackermann History of Virology: Plant Viruses R Hull History of Virology: Vertebrate Viruses F Fenner Nature of Viruses M H V van Regenmortel Origin of Viruses P Forterre Ribozymes E Westhof and A Lescoute Virus Species M H V van Regenmortel Quasispecies R Sanjua´n Virus Databases E J Lefkowitz, M R Odom and C Upton Phylogeny of Viruses A E Gorbalenya Evolution of Viruses L P Villarreal Taxonomy, Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses C M Fauquet Virus Classification by Pairwise Sequence Comparison (PASC) Y Bao, Y Kapustin and T Tatusova Prions of Vertebrates J D F Wadsworth and J Collinge Viruses and Bioterrorism R F Meyer and S A Morse SECTION II: VIRIONS Principles of Virion Structure J E Johnson and J A Speir Structure of Non-Enveloped Virions J A Speir and J E Johnson Electron Microscopy of Viruses G Schoehn and R W H Ruigrok Cryo-Electron Microscopy W Chiu, J T Chang and F J Rixon 145 Assembly of Non-Enveloped Virions M Luo Assembly of Enveloped Virions C K Navaratnarajah, R Warrier and R J Kuhn xv Assembly of Bacterial Viruses S Casjens Genome Packaging in Bacterial Viruses P Jardine Viral Membranes J Lenard 181 Mimivirus J-M Claverie SECTION III: NUCLEIC ACIDS Recombination J J Bujarski Satellite Nucleic Acids and Viruses P Palukaitis, A Rezaian and F Garci´a-Arenal Retrotransposons of Vertebrates A E Peaston 217 Defective-Interfering Viruses L Roux Interfering RNAs K E Olson, K M Keene and C D Blair Viruses as Vectors in Gene Therapy K I Berns and T R Flotte SECTION IV: VIRUS INFECTION Viral Receptors D J Evans Virus Entry to Bacterial Cells M M Poranen and A Domanska Membrane Fusion A Hinz and W Weissenhorn Replication of Viruses A J Cann Persistent and Latent Viral Infection E S Mocarski and A Grakoui Apoptosis and Virus Infection J R Clayton and J M Hardwick Viral Pathogenesis N Nathanson 287 Antiviral Agents H J Field and R A Vere Hodge Diagnosis Using Serological and Molecular Approaches R Vainionpa¨ a¨ and P Leinikki 304 Diagnosis Using Microarrays K Fischer, A Urisman and J DeRisi Disease Surveillance N Noah SECTION V: IMMUNE RESPONSES Innate Immunity F Weber Defeating Innate Immunity C F Basler Antigen Presentation E I Zuniga, D B McGavern and M B A Oldstone Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Viral Proteins M H V van Regenmortel Cytokines and Chemokines D E Griffin Cell-Mediated Immunity to Viruses A J Zajac and L E Harrington Antibody-Mediated Immunity to Viruses A R Neurath 361 Orthomyxovirus Antigen Structure R J Russell Vaccine Strategies I Kusters and J W Almond DNA Vaccines S Babiuk and L A Babiuk xvi Contents Vaccine Safety C J Clements and G Lawrence Neutralization of Infectivity P J Klasse Immunopathology M B A Oldstone and R S Fujinami SECTION VI: DESCRIPTION AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF SOME VIRUSES Adenoviruses: Molecular Biology K N Leppard Baculoviruses: Molecular Biology of Granuloviruses S Hilton Baculoviruses: Molecular Biology of Nucleopolyhedroviruses D A Theilmann and G W Blissard Coronaviruses: Molecular Biology S C Baker Hepatitis B Virus: Molecular Biology T J Harrison Herpes Simplex Viruses: Molecular Biology E K Wagner and R M Sandri-Goldin Human Cytomegalovirus: Molecular Biology W Gibson Human Immunodeficiency Viruses: Molecular Biology J Votteler and U Schubert Iridoviruses V G Chinchar and A D Hyatt Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus: Molecular Biology E Gellermann and T F Schulz 488 Mononegavirales A J Easton and R Ling Nidovirales L Enjuanes, A E Gorbalenya, R J de Groot, J A Cowley, J Ziebuhr and E J Snijder 505 Nodaviruses P A Venter and A Schneemann Orthomyxoviruses: Molecular Biology M L Shaw and P Palese Antigenic Variation G M Air and J T West Papillomaviruses: Molecular Biology of Human Viruses P F Lambert and A Collins 540 Partitiviruses S A Ghabrial, W F Ochoa, T S Baker and M L Nibert Phycodnaviruses J L van Etten and M V Graves Picornaviruses: Molecular Biology B L Semler and K J Ertel Reoviruses: Molecular Biology K M Coombs Seadornaviruses H Attoui and P P C Mertens Tetraviruses J A Speir and J E Johnson Togaviruses: Molecular Biology K D Ryman, W B Klimstra and S C Weaver Index